VCE · Biology · Natural Selection & Evolution live from the app

Hominin Evolution

Hominin evolution is a bush, not a ladder: around 300 000 years ago at least four species were alive at once, and Neanderthals are our sister species, not our ancestor. Two trends still run through the bush from Australopithecus to Homo. Walking upright came first, with a valgus knee and bowl-shaped pelvis while brains were still chimpanzee-sized; then, within early Homo, brains began to grow and limb proportions shifted to long legs and short arms, until cranial capacity had roughly tripled from Australopithecus to Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. This is the real knowscape from knowhere, not a picture of one. Drag it. Watch what actually changes.

biology · natural selection & evolution · hominin evolutiondrag it · it is yours
the one idea

why this one carries the topic.

Some variants leave more offspring than others. That one sentence explains fossils, DNA similarity, antibiotic resistance, and why there are so many species.

Horizontal bars show when each hominin species lived, stacked at its mean cranial capacity or at its arm-to-leg length ratio; a time cursor lights every species alive at that moment, so overlapping species and the order of the two trends can be read straight off the chart.

what examiners catch — Students draw a single line from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens and put Neanderthals on it. The mark comes from describing the trend (brain size up, legs longer, arms shorter) across the genus while naming species that overlapped in time, and from placing bipedalism before brain expansion in the order of traits.
what you leave with

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what's underneath

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knowhere maps every concept to what it rests on and what rests on it — 5 underneath this one, 0 built on top. Each one says why, in a sentence, not as an arrow on a diagram.

this concepthominin evolutionHorizontal bars show when each hominin species lived, stacked at its mean cranial capacity or at its arm-to-leg length ratio; a time cursor lights every species alive at that moment, so overlapping species and the order of the two trends can be read straight off the chart.
sits under itmolecular clocks and phylogenetic treesbecause the hominin story is dated by clocks
sits under itspeciation and reproductive isolationbecause hominins are a speciation case study
sits under itevidence for evolutionbecause Fossil and comparative evidence is the toolkit used to read these trends.
sits under itreading the fossil recordbecause Species ranges and cranial capacities come from dated fossils.
sits under ithow one species becomes manybecause Coexisting hominins are branches of one radiating lineage.
the rest of natural selection & evolution

7 more, same treatment.

Each one is its own knowscape in the app — built for how a particular student takes things in, not one explanation handed to everybody.

speciation and reproductive isolationin the apphow gene pools changein the appmechanisms of natural selectionin the appvariation and mutationin the appdetermining relatedness from sequencesin the appevidence for evolutionin the appmolecular clocks and phylogenetic treesin the app
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